How Actovegin works

Actovegin’s therapeutic efficacy lies in its ability to combat hypoxia—conditions where tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen supply—through a combination of metabolic, neuroprotective, and microcirculatory mechanisms. Actovegin enhances oxygen absorption and utilisation at the cellular level, significantly improving energy production and metabolic efficiency. This process is further supported by phosphorylated oligosaccharides, which facilitate the transport and metabolism of glucose, ensuring that cells receive the energy they need to function optimally, even under ischemic conditions. This dual action not only boosts cellular metabolism but also reduces the formation of lactate, a byproduct that often accumulates during oxygen deficiency. 

In addition to its metabolic benefits, Actovegin exerts potent neuroprotective effects through several key mechanisms. It inhibits the development of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, induced by beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ25-35), which are strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. By modulating the activity of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), a protein complex integral to managing inflammation and regulating apoptosis processes within the central and peripheral nervous systems, Actovegin further shields neurons from damage. Another significant neuroprotective mechanism is connected to nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an enzyme critical to DNA repair. PARP is vital to the detection and repair of single-chain DNA. Nevertheless, overactivation of this enzyme may lead to cell death in the presence of certain conditions, such as cerebrovascular disease and diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin inhibits the activity of PARP, which leads to functional and morphological improvement of the central nervous system.

The therapeutic effects of Actovegin extend to processes of microcirculation and the endothelium, where it enhances the delivery of oxygen and nutrients by improving capillary blood flow. It reduces the pericapillary space, decreases the the myogenic tone of the precapillary arterioles and capillary sphincters, all of which contribute to smoother and more efficient blood flow through the microcirculatory network. Moreover, Actovegin stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, which affects the microcirculatory bed, promoting vasodilation and further enhancing circulation. These combined actions underscore its effectiveness in addressing ischemia, inflammation, and other conditions where impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery are critical factors. Through these interconnected mechanisms, Actovegin stands as a multifaceted therapy capable of supporting cellular health and promoting recovery across various medical contexts.